📈 Typologies Chart

phenomenon / syndromes	motivation / cause	origin / motivations of phenomenon (MERGE WITH B)	nature of phenomenon (ver Goel, 2022)	impact	where did we witness it within sci-bi?	found at	design roles in counter-acting the phenomenon	formats	roles of design education / pedagogy	employment	associated disciplines	state of the art	bibliography	networks	Associated SCI-BI tasks/outputs

Technological over-reliance and determinism: a key characteristic of the present. Automation, metrics, AI, apps, data mining, biometrics, etc	Largely financial on the part of venture capitalists; largely scientific, albeit reductive, on the part of the exact sciences; novelty factors and a sense of belonging among digital communities	zeitgeist agendas cult-like faith in technology	behavioural affective	- false sense of safety - cult-like faith in digital gadgets - over-reliance on the part of authorities and policy-makers		authorities citizens engineers	- narration of multidisciplinary assets - deconstructive humour	lobbying memes recommendations		social media scientific mediation	engineering	Stayaway Covid	Douglas Rushkoff	INESC
Doubling down: psychology studies prove that people tend to stick to their original beliefs when confronted with facts that say the opposite - mainly due to an undeclared sense of humiliation (FIND REF.).	Attempting to avoid humiliation / exclusion from bonds Attempting to avoid a collapse of one's potential on life / networks, etc. Prior access to disinformation / misinformation	- psychological mechanism of spite / umbrage - impatience in face of complex information / slow developments + paradoxically, suspicion of fast developments	cognitive affective	- entrenchment of original beliefs - progressive ease in denying facts - furthering disinformation	- Interviews with informants; - interview with Project Advisors Fernando Barbosa and Marta Coelho.; - Observation of dialogue dynamics during workshops.	science skeptics conspiracy theorists	empathy humour “narrative alibis”	memes		in-person engagement social media	psychology neurospychology		Vinod Goel - Reason and Less: Pursuing Food, Sex, and Politics Harry Collins - Are We All Scientific Experts Now?	Vinod Goel
Scientific hermeticism: researchers and scientists are generally not trained to communicate beyond their own circle of expertise. They rarely consider (or are rarely invited to) communicating with a broader public, and adjusting the discourse to make it understandable to these audiences.	No real motivation: it's more of a lack of an awareness, on the part of scientists, that this comunication is needed. Media attempts to perform this translation, but often this is improvised and made sensasionalist.	- communication deficiencies on the part of scientists outside their field of expertise	cognitive	- misunderstandings, suspicion and hesitancy among population, often perceived as “arrogance” - conspiracies are easier!	- i3S focus groups: the information was gathered through listening to the discussions during the focus group sessions; - Document analysis (official audio-visual covid data).	scientists	- brief scientists on efficient semantics and semiotics - translate key concepts and information into accessibel formats	strategic consultancy data visualisation official content memes? data comics?		- scientific contexts - reliable platforms	semiotics		Daniel Innerarity - Alguém Em Quem Confiar, in Política Para Perplexos, Porto Editora (2019). Barbie Zelizer - Crise, incerteza e jornalismo: https://electramagazine.fundacaoedp.pt/editions/edicao-4/crise-incerteza-e-jornalismo
Scientific "trial and error" methodologies tend to be poorly understood by the public, who see errors as failures or disguised agendas	No real motivation: it's more of a lack of an awareness, on the part of scientists and educators, that this comunication is needed. An ontological, collective fear of the "error".		cognitive affective	- impatience towards scientific results - suspicion towards scientific results	- Covid Memes, visual anedoctes &; - Pedagogical Workshops (conversations and collaborative exchanges observed in the workshops served as a critical source of empirical knowledge); - Interview with Immunologist Luis Graça.	citizens
Literacy insufficiencies and shifts: due to degrees of illiteracy, audiences may struggle to understand complex knowledge and incorporate it into their own behaviour. Furthermore, image-based communication is rendering text-based communication harder to reach younger generations (FIND REF).	- shifts in literacy flows towards a visually-oriented paradigm: particularly in youth - pedagogical inconsistencies - (understandable) human struggles in face of complex information/data outside expertise - a pervasive laziness/impatience in accessing and committing to understanding complex and historyical information	- ongoing changes in preferred news and information sources: from a traditional media broadcast paradign to distributed networks (RTP >>> TikTok).	cognitive behavioral (laziness)	- dissemination of unreliable information - impoverishment of intellectual rhetoric - rhetorical age gaps - age-based misunderstandings - "sampling" / speed / impatience in reading - decrease in informational rigour	- Findings gathered from the following events: Think Tank 25th of May (increasing importance and influence of visual information in contemporary science and society) and Sci-Bi Round Table on the 2nd June 2024 @ UPTEC Baixa.	citizens media	translate/summarise complex info/data	infography data comics		mainstream media social media classrooms authorities publishers	semiotics linguistics communication studies		Stephen Apkon - The Age of the Image: Redefining Literacy in a World of Screens, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2014); Nathan Jurgenson - The Social Photo: On Photography And Social Media, Verso (2019); https://www.bonn-institute.org/en/news/psychology-in-journalism-5;
Statistics versus testimonies: people tend to overrun statistical safety in their minds if they come across the story of the one exception that went wrong	It's an intrinsic psychological mechanism (proximity, storytelling). Cognitive difficulties in placing the testimonial in perspective. Media tend to amplify this gap.		cognitive affective	- reductionist propaganda - emotional amplification - existential repercussions - short-circuiting of scientific progress - often bundles various conspiracies together	- Interviews with informants; - Memes and other Visuals; - Literature review (the roles of social networks in health literacy and policies).	citizens	articulate and distingish (pedagogy)	infography data comics memes		mainstream media social media classrooms	literature psychology
"My body, my rules" / hyper-individualism	- A cultural construction that gradually overcame our biological interdependency - A self-reinforced focus on the individual as priorital over the well-being of the social fabric, particularly in Western cultures	- lack of a sense of common good - unawareness that a virus sees us all as one body - advertising, self-gratification - self-sufficiency as a life motto - new age mottos about self-care as a duty ----> ideological consequences	cognitive affective behavioural	- public health implications - individual sense of empowerment - antagonism (even hostility) towards mechanisms of preservation of common good	- Interviews with informants and stories of scientific discovery in popular media: refusal of treatment, Informed consent, Vaccine Hesitancy and Refusal?	personal levels, communities	pedagogy	social media		networks	sociology psychology philosophy		Julian Walker, Derek Beres, Matthew Remski - Conspirituality (2023); Susan Neiman - A Esquerda não é Woke, Presença (2024); Daniel Innerarity - Pandemocracia: Una Filosofia De La Crisis Del Coronavirus, Galaxia Gutenberg (2020)“ https://www.publico.pt/2020/10/14/ciencia/noticia/covid-19-medicos-alertam-perda-auditiva-subita-associada-doenca-rara-1935170
Conspiracism: a range of beliefs that current phenomena are symptoms of obscure agendas, with supposedly oppressive / catastrophic / apocalyptic impact on the citizen, society, countries and/or the World	- personal frustration - precariousness - loneliness - the mythology of the "rebel"	- the need to belong - media addiction, doomscrolling, - financial gains on the part of conspiracy theorists - political gains - naiveté	cognitive behavioural affective	- social agitation - political weaponisation - behavioral changes - personality changes - tendency to start collecting conspiracies	- Workshops (theories of conspiracy); - Interviews with informants; - The conversations that occurred during the Maus Hábitos exhibition, where guests interacted with the posters + project members wearing T-shirts allusive to the topic, both provided valuable insights and contributed to the overall understanding of the project's impact.	citizens (demographic profile?) conspiracy theorists online gurus	mirror languages and aesthetics with antidote content	memes official content		social media authorities	sociology psychology semiotics	Russell Brand, internet gurus Populist politicians Our interview	Douglas Rushkoff; Daniel Innerarity - O Horizonte Conspirativo, in Política para Perplexos, Porto Editora (2019); Irena Pilch, Agnieszka Turska-Kawa, Paulina Wardawy, Agata Olszanecka-Marmola, Wiktoria Smołkowska-Jędo - Contemporary Trends in Psychological Research on Conspiracy Beliefs. A Systematic Review (2023) - https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1075779/full
policy miscommunication		communication deficiencies on the part of authorities	cognitive with behavioural impact	- misunderstandings - suspicion and hesitancy among population, often perceived as “arrogance”		official communication channels	- agency - brief authorities on efficient semantics and semiotics - translate key policies and information into accessible formats - reduce authoritarian perception of policies	- strategic consultancy - data visualisation - official content - memes? - data comics?		authorities	semiotics politics		Renée DiResta - Conspirituality 154 - "authorities need to learn the emerging ways of communicating" (paraphrase)	Graça Freitas
multi-literacy challenges (MERGE WITH 5)		age gaps and associated modes of media use	cognitive with behavioural impact	misunderstandings		age gaps	intermedia translation	traditional media --- emerging media		citizens, authorities	semiotics linguistics			Jorge Buescu RB (our interviewee) Santiago PhD
alternative therapies, extraneous beliefs, "welness"	- aversion to authoritarianism - idealised harmony with nature - intellectual superiority - mysticism - proliferation of online gurus / healers (TikTok)	- naiveté - resentment towards business models - "cosmic" fever dreams - magical belief in self-healing - placebo / "feel good" factor	cognitive behavioural	- personal health implications - public health implications - increased suspicion of scientific health systems - increased pressure on the self ("if it didn't work, it's because you didn't take it properly") - "mindfulness" culture	-	personal levels tiktok gurus and followers	subjective comfort reliability pedagogy	testimonies social media		networks tiktok	psychology health	multiple associations and businesses	Julian Walker, Derek Beres, Matthew Remski - Conspirituality (2023)
Health-related biases / conspiracy theory: beliefs that traditional health systems are corrupted by private interests in collution with political agents	- existential fear (in face of surgeries, needles, invasion of the body, bad prognoses, etc) - expensive treatments - word of mouth - Distrust in public hospitals, often explained by long waiting lines	_ this phenomenon is prevalent in the US PARTLY because of the absence of universal health care. Population tends to associate traditional health care with business/profit	cognitive behavioural	----> a dislocation towards alternative therapies (see above)
media agendas / tabloid mentality (even in leading press): a need by traditional mainstream media (TV, newspapers +) to extract objective information in ways that will make good headlines	- competition between media - a lack of guidelines, as it was all unfolding live... the press reverted to "default" mode of dramatisation - a difficulty in identifying the type of expertise needed - dramatisation might have been a way of reinforcing with citizens that they should follow the health regulations (falar com DC)	ratings	cognitive emotional	- sensationalism - fear - existential dread - disorientation - behavioral impact: following directives - does this mean that reliable news channels became unreliable???	- various examples presented by Rui L + Daniel Catalão in interviews - empirical knowledge of having gone through the actual pandemic	TV radio newspapers mainstream news websites	- denouncement	infographics		lobbying	media studies	Our interview with RB		Polígrafo Daniel Catalão
online distortions of (originally reliable) media information	- chaotic nature of online content circulation - disinformation channels mimicking reliable source aesthetics		cognitive	- further unrealiability and disorientation - social disorder	- empirical evidence in social networks	online networks	- design literacy		- design literacy
words and slogans: both science deniers and supporters have been creating jargon to describe each other - anti-vaxxer, sheeple, plandemic, flat earthers, "my body my rules"	- ridicule - pragmatism, quick description - terms describe emerging realities without a prior clear designation		linguistic semantic (cognitive)	- branding - ideological reinformcement - tribalisation	- online media - paradoxically, these terms were never present in interviews or conversations (i.e., they are considered derogatory/offensive and the "tribes" in question do not regnognise their ligitimacy)	- conspiracy circles - informal pro-science circles	publishing deconstructing pro-science branding	inventory glossary promoting brand "sci-bi"		pedagogical	linguistics	social media	Susan Neiman - A Esquerda não é Woke, Presença (2024)		glossary
headline-reading only	- speed and saturation - addiction - headlines are easier to "bend" in terms of meaning and may thus be used with intent to disinform		cognitive semantic	- further unrealiability and disorientation - radicalisation of opinions - sensationalism	- empirical evidence	all media (the onus is on who reads, not who produces content)	rethink information / visual hierarchies		rethink information / visual hierarchies		linguists
speed of information access / consumption	technological sophistication indiced model of hyper-consumption FOMO	culture of entertainment, "doomscrolling"	cognitive neurological	superficial understanding rejection disorientation numbing existential dread saturation, "fullness"	- empirical evidence	online media in particular	slow design? pedagogy branding: DiToks			pedagogical		social media
existential issues / dilemmas: reservations regarding COVID regulations, not because of unreliability but because people might not be able to withstand confinement + a sense and effective lack of freedom etc	depressive	existential	existential philiosophical	rejection of health paradigm of "survival at all costs"	- interviews - empirical evidence	personal level + underlying motivations at wellness movements	rendering conscious, readable		debate		philosophy, psychology	felt during COVID personal testimonies	Julian Walker, Derek Beres, Matthew Remski - Conspirituality (2023)		focus groups
nostalgia, tradition: some closed/rural communities tend to mix traditional beliefs / magic rituals with actual health knowledge	semantic distance (sometimes geographical as well)	- illiteracy - suspicion towards the "artificial" - digital divide	cognitive behavioural	rejection of innovative treatments	- (Abhishek recounts Trás os Montes)	remote environments, rural population, closed communities	semantics: "anti-jinx" rather than "vaccine"? storytelling	communication devices, branding	storytelling	reciprocally pedagogical	education anthropology	Abhishek's references (COVID é "bruxedo")			interviews